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Refrigerators help preserve food by keeping it below room temperature, which inhibits the growth of bacteria. They absorb heat from the food and surrounding air, releasing it through vents at the back of the unit. They maintain temperatures just above the freezing point of water; those that cool to freezing point are usually called freezers. Most home refrigerators have built-in freezer compartments.

Modern refrigerators have a thermostat for monitoring temperature, and a defrost feature for removing ice from the freezer walls. However, newer models can achieve freezing temperatures without creating frost, so the defrost option is unnecessary. They also have special compartments such as chillers, ice trays, and egg racks.